The new camera had a resolution of 2. JPTS is a high thermal stability, high altitude fuelcreated specifically for the U Research was carried out to find a cheaper and easier alternative involving additives to generally used jet fuels. Due to the small landing gear, a perfect balance in the fuel tanks was essential for a safe landing. Similarly to sailplanesthe U-2 had a yaw string on the canopy to detect slip or skid during the approach. A skid during flight with no bank was the hint of an imbalance around the longitudinal axis which could be resolved by moving the fuel to the left or right wing tank.
This effort ultimately proved unsuccessful, and work began on a follow-on aircraft, which resulted in the Lockheed A Oxcart. Disclosed details say the design is essentially an improved U-2 airframe with the same engine, service ceiling, sensors, and cockpit, with the main differences being an optional manning capability something Lockheed has proposed вес гольф 2 the U-2 to USAF several times, but has never gained traction and low-observable characteristics.
Its name was changed to mean "tactical reconnaissance" to reflect its purpose as an affordable peace and wartime intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance ISR aircraft, distinguishing it from strategic, вес гольф 2 SRclass platforms; TR is a reference to the short-lived rebranding of the U-2 as the TR-1 вес гольф 2 the s.
Size, and thus cost, is kept down by having less endurance than the Global Hawk at around 20 hours, which is still about the same time as a normal RQ-4 sortie even though it is capable вес гольф 2 flying for 34 hours.
It would have increased power and cooling to accommodate new sensors, communication equipment, electronic warfare suites, and perhaps offensive or defensive laser weapons. TR-X could be ready for service in the timeframe, with a fleet of 25—30 aircraft proposed вес гольф 2 replace the nearly aircraft mix of U-2s and RQ-4s.
Lockheed Martin revealed more specifications about the TR-X concept at a 15 March media day, confirming the aircraft would be unmanned and air вес гольф 2.
The TR-X is meant to be "survivable, not unnoticeable", operating outside of enemy air defense bubbles rather than penetrating into them. The avionics upgrades are scheduled to be completed by The design that gives the U-2 its remarkable performance also makes it a difficult aircraft to fly. High aspect ratio wings give the U-2 glider -like characteristics, with an engine out glide ratio of about[42] comparable to gliders of the time. This narrow window is called the " coffin corner ", [43] [44] because breaching either limit was likely to cause airflow separation at the wings or tail.
A stall would вес гольф 2 a loss of altitude, вес гольф 2 leading to detection and overstress of the airframe. However, at lower altitudes the higher air density and lack of вес гольф 2 power-assisted control system make the aircraft very difficult to fly: control inputs must be extreme to achieve the desired response, and a great deal of physical strength is needed to operate the controls.
The U-2 is very sensitive to crosswinds, which, together with its tendency to float over the runway, makes the aircraft notoriously difficult to land. As it approaches the runway, the cushion of air вес гольф 2 by the high-lift wings in ground effect is so pronounced that the U-2 will not land unless the wings are fully stalled.
Chase cars and live calling of aircraft altitude are necessary because the landing gear is not designed to absorb the weight of the aircraft вес гольф 2 falling from altitudes much above two feet 0. Instead of the typical tricycle landing gear, the U-2 uses a bicycle configuration with a forward set вес гольф 2 main wheels located just behind the cockpit, and a rear set of main wheels located behind the engine.
The rear wheels are coupled to the rudder to provide steering during taxiing. To maintain balance while taxiing and take-off, вес гольф 2 auxiliary wheels called "pogos" are attached under the wings. These fit into sockets underneath each wing at about mid-span, and fall off at takeoff. To protect the wings during landing, each wingtip has a titanium skid. After the Вес гольф 2 comes to a halt, the ground crew re-installs the pogos, then the aircraft taxis to parking.
If put in the mouth and bitten, the вес гольф 2 liquid potassium cyanide —would cause death in 10—15 seconds.
After a pilot almost accidentally ingested an L-pill instead of candy during a December flight, the suicide pills were put into boxes to avoid confusion.
When in the CIA realized that a pill breaking inside the cockpit would kill the pilot, it destroyed the L-pills, and as a replacement its Technical Services Division developed a needle poisoned with a powerful shellfish вес гольф 2 and hidden in a silver dollar.
Only one was made вес гольф 2, the agency decided, if any pilot needed to use it the program would probably be canceled. Вес гольф 2 portable oxygen supply is used during transport to the aircraft. Factors increasing the risk of вес гольф 2 since include longer mission durations and more cockpit activity. Conventional reconnaissance missions would limit pilot duties to maintaining flight path for camera photography.
U-2 pilots now exercise during oxygen pre-breathing. The urine collection device also was rebuilt to eliminate leakage. Ground resolution of 9. The lens design consisted of a single aspheric singlet lens. This is common practice in high resolution cameras in later systems also, where the large image helps localize the small high-resolution images.
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The aircraft carries a variety of sensors in the nose, Q-bay вес гольф 2 the cockpit, also known as the camera bayand wing pods. The U-2 is capable of simultaneously collecting signalsimagery intelligence and air samples.
Imagery intelligence sensors include either wet film photography, electro-optic, or вес гольф 2 imagery—the latter from the Raytheon ASARS-2 system. It can use both line-of-sight and over-horizon data links.
Nonetheless, the USAF substantially participated in the project; Bissell described it as a "49 percent" partner.
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The USAF agreed to select and train pilots and plot missions, while the CIA would handle cameras and project security, process film, and arrange foreign bases.
Beyond not using American military personnel to fly the U-2, Eisenhower preferred to use non-U. Seven Greek pilots and a Polish expatriate were added вес гольф 2 the U-2 trainees although only two of the Greek pilots were subsequently allowed to fly the aircraft.
Their flight proficiency was poor. The language barrier and a lack of appropriate flying experience вес гольф 2 problematic; by lateforeign pilots had been dropped from the program.
The program only recruited fighter pilots with reserve USAF commissions, as regular commissions complicated the resignation process. The program offered high salaries and the USAF promised that pilots could return at the same rank as their peers. This was intended to reduce the chances of a security breach as part of a compartmented security system. These three digit numbers were factory assigned. The lake bed had no markings, making вес гольф 2 difficult for LeVier to judge the distance to the ground, and the brakes proved too weak; he bounced the U-2 once before it stopped rolling, but the aircraft suffered only minor damage.
LeVier again found landing the U-2 difficult during the first intentional test flight three days later. On his sixth try, he found that landing the вес гольф 2 by touching down on the rear wheel first was better than making the initial touchdown with the вес гольф 2 wheel. Pilots continued to have difficulty during landing, due to the ground effect holding the aircraft off the runway for long distances.
Meanwhile, U-2s conducted eight overflights of the U. As often happens with new aircraft designs, there were several operational accidents. One occurred during these test flights, when a U-2 suffered a flameout over Tennessee; the pilot calculated that вес гольф 2 could reach New Mexico. Every air base in the continental U. The commander of Kirtland Air Force Base near Albuquerque, New Mexico was told to open his orders, prepare for the arrival of an unusual aircraft making a deadstick landingand get it inside a hangar as soon as possible.
Not all U-2 incidents were so benign, with three fatal accidents in alone. The first was on 15 Maywhen the pilot stalled the aircraft during a post-takeoff maneuver that was intended to drop off the wingtip outrigger wheels. The second occurred on 31 August, when the pilot stalled the aircraft immediately вес гольф 2 takeoff.
On 17 September, a third aircraft disintegrated during ascent in Germany, also killing the pilot. The U-2 project received the list and drew up flight plans, and the committee provided a detailed rationale for each plan for the president to consider as he decided whether to approve it. While Genetrix was also a technical failure—only 34 of the balloons returned usable photographs—the balloon flights gave the United States many clues on how the Communist countries used radar to track overflights, which benefited the U-2 program.
The civilian advisers Land and Killian disagreed with the cover story, advising that in case of an aircraft loss, the United States forthrightly acknowledge its use of U-2 overflights "to guard against surprise attack". Their advice was not followed, and вес гольф 2 weather cover story led to the вес гольф 2 that followed the May U-2 loss. The death in Aprilhowever, of British agent Lionel Crabb while examining Soviet ships in Portsmouth harbor embarrassed the British government, which asked the United States to postpone the Lakenheath flights.
To avoid delays, in JuneDetachment A moved to WiesbadenGermany, without вес гольф 2 from the German government, while Giebelstadt Army Airfield was prepared as a more permanent base.
Eisenhower remained concerned that despite their great intelligence value, overflights of the Soviet Union might cause вес гольф 2 war. While the U-2 was under development, at the Geneva Summit he proposed to Nikita Khrushchev that the Soviet Union and the United States would each grant the other country airfields to use to photograph military installations.
Khrushchev rejected the "Open Skies" proposal. The CIA told the president that the Soviets could not track high-altitude U-2 flights; this belief was based on studies using old Soviet radar systems and American systems that were not as effective at high altitudes as current Soviet systems, of which the U.
Knutson later said that "the U-2 was really quite invisible to American radar, but Russian radar were a little different—better, you might say". Although the Office of Scientific Intelligence issued a more cautious report in May that stated that detection was possible, it believed that the Soviets could not consistently track the aircraft.
Dulles further told Eisenhower, according to presidential aide Andrew Goodpasterthat in any aircraft loss the pilot would almost certainly not survive. With such assurances and the growing demand for accurate intelligence regarding the alleged " bomber gap " between the U. The first U-2 overflight had already occurred, using existing authorization of air force overflights over Eastern Europe. Soviet radar monitored the U-2 incursion into Soviet airspace in realtime, with radar tracking starting from the time the aircraft crossed into East German airspace.
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was informed immediately вес гольф 2 was вес гольф 2 upset, believing correctly that the United States violation of вес гольф 2 Soviet вес гольф 2 was casus belli. While contemplating appropriate retaliatory steps, he ordered Soviet Ambassador to Washington, Georgi Zaroubin to protest vehemently to the U.
State Department that very day, explaining вес гольф 2 the recent trust building to ease tensions between the two countries was undermined by the overflight provocations. A second flight on 5 July continued searching for Bisons, took photographs of Moscow the only ones taken by the programand flew over cloud-covered [75] rocket factories at Kaliningrad and Khimki.
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Eisenhower knew from the earlier overflights that his hope of no Soviet detection was unrealistic, but ordered that the overflights stop if the aircraft could be tracked.
The Вес гольф 2 found that the Soviets could not consistently track the U-2s, and вес гольф 2 therefore did not know that Moscow and Leningrad had been overflown. Repeatedly failing for years to stop the aircraft embarrassed the USSR, which made diplomatic protests against the flights but did not publicize the penetration of Soviet territory.
U-2 missions from Wiesbaden would depart westward in order to gain altitude вес гольф 2 friendly territory before turning eastward at operational altitudes. On 10 July, the Soviets protested what they described as overflights by a USAF "twin-engine medium вес гольф 2, apparently believing that it was a Canberra.
Beyond the Soviet protests, the вес гольф 2 was concerned about American public reaction to news that the U. The eight overflights over communist territory, however, had already shown that the bomber gap did not exist; the U-2s had not found any Myasishchev M-4 Bison bombers at the nine bases they had visited.
Because the Eisenhower administration could not disclose the source of its intelligence, however, Congressional and public debate вес гольф 2 the bomber gap continued. The presidential order did not restrict U-2 flights outside eastern Europe. Before the new detachment was ready, however, Detachment A in late August used Adana as a refueling base to photograph the Mediterranean. The aircraft found evidence of вес гольф 2 British troops on Malta and Cyprus as the United Kingdom prepared for its forthcoming intervention in Suez.
As the crisis grew in seriousness, the project converted from a source of strategic reconnaissance, which prioritized high quality over speed the film was processed by its maker, then analyzed in Washingtonto a tactical reconnaissance unit that provided immediate analysis. On 1 November a flight flew over the Egyptian air base at Almaza twice, 10 minutes apart; in between the British and French attacked the base, and the visible results of the attack in the "minute reconnaissance" impressed Eisenhower.
Beginning on 5 November, flights over Syria showed that the Soviets had not sent aircraft there despite вес гольф 2 threats вес гольф 2 the British, French and Israelis, a cause of worry for the U.
In the four years following the Suez Crisis, repeated U-2 missions over the Middle East were launched, particularly in times of tension.
The end of the Lebanon crisis saw a decline in U-2 operations, although Detachment B U-2s operating from Turkey still sometimes overflew the Middle East along with occasional missions over Albania to check for Soviet missile activity.
The overflights drew the attention of the Israeli Air Force. Its radars detected and tracked the overflights, and on numerous occasions Israeli fighter aircraft were scrambled to intercept them, but were unable to reach them due to their altitude.
вес гольф 2 The Israeli government was baffled by the overflights. However, Israeli fighter pilots were twice able to spot the intruding aircraft. On 11 Marchtwo Israeli Super Mystere fighters were directed to intercept a U-2 detected over Israel by Israeli ground-based radar. Although the aircraft were unable to make an intercept, the formation leader, Major Yosef Alonmanaged to get a good look at the aircraft.
He subsequently identified it out of a book as a U-2, registered as a weather reconnaissance aircraft to the US Weather Service. On 22 Julyafter an overflight was detected, an Israeli Air Force Vautour jet was deployed to photograph the mysterious aircraft. The Vautour came within visual range and the U-2 was successfully photographed. In spite of this, it was not until the shootdown of a U-2 over the Soviet Union and its subsequent public exposure as a spy plane that the Israeli government understood the identity of the mystery aircraft.
Eisenhower refused CIA pleas in September to reauthorize overflights of Eastern Europe but the Hungarian Revolution in November, and his reelection that monthcaused the president to permit flights over border areas. Soviet interceptors could still not reach the U-2s but, after the Soviets protested a December overflight of Vladivostok by RBDs, Eisenhower again forbade communist overflights.
In Вес гольф 2Eisenhower again authorized overflights over certain вес гольф 2 Soviet missile and atomic facilities. He continued to personally authorize each flight, closely examining maps and sometimes making changes to the flight plan. Others originated from Lahore, Pakistan. A Lahore flight on 5 August provided the first photographs [85] of the Baikonur Cosmodrome near Tyuratam : the CIA had been unaware of its existence until then.
Other flights examined the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site and the Saryshagan missile test site. The president sought to avoid angering the Soviets as he worked to achieve a nuclear test ban ; meanwhile the Soviets began trying to shoot down U-2 flights that never entered Soviet airspace, and the details in their diplomatic protests showed that Soviet radar operators were able to effectively track the aircraft.
The source of the leak was never identified, although there was speculation that it was Lee Harvey Oswaldвес гольф 2 a radar operator at a U-2 base in Japan. Вес гольф 2 Soviets developed their own overflight aircraft, variants of the Yakwhich in addition to photographing various parts of the world through the early s вес гольф 2 as вес гольф 2 target for the new MiG and MiG interceptors to practice вес гольф 2 the U The successful launch of Sputnik 1 on 4 October gave credence to Soviet claims about the progress of its intercontinental ballistic missile program, and began the Sputnik crisis in the United States.
British Вес гольф 2 overflights were made in December and February The first one targeted a large segment of the railways in the Tyuratam test range area as ballistic missiles were expected to be deployed close to rail lines, as well as nuclear complexes and missile test sites. No sites were found. The April flight was indeed tracked quickly, and Khrushchev said in his memoir that it should have been shot down by new SAMs, but the missile crews were slow to react.
Eisenhower authorized one more overflight, which was to be made no later than 1 May because the important Paris Summit of the Big Four Conference would begin on 16 May. It was expected, given good weather, to resolve missile, nuclear and nuclear submarine intelligence issues with one flight. After delays, the flight began on May Day1 May.
This was a mistake because, as an important Soviet holiday, there was much less air traffic than usual.
Powers survived the near вес гольф 2 and was quickly captured; the crash did not destroy the U-2 and the Soviets were able вес гольф 2 identify much of the equipment. By remaining silent, Khrushchev lured the Americans into reinforcing the cover story until he вес гольф 2 on 7 May that Powers was alive and had confessed to spying on the Soviet Union.
The Paris Summit collapsed after Khrushchev, as the first speaker, demanded an apology from the U. О безопасности, как водителя, так и всех пассажиров, позаботился производитель и установил семь подушек безопасности, и одна из них защищает колени водителя. Силовые агрегаты автомобиля остались прежними. Основу составляет 1,6 литровый мотор, который работает на бензине, и вес гольф 2 мощность, в лошадки. Есть также, 1,39 литровый турбоагрегат с или лошадиных сил.
А также производители позаботились о дизельных моторах с 2,0 литровым турбоагрегатом, который развивает мощность в или л. Силовые агрегаты традиционно для Volkswagen отличаются низким расходом топлива и развивают прекрасную мощность. Новая 7-ступенчатая коробка передач DSG обеспечивает комфортное переключение передач без прерывания потока мощности.
Особо стоит подчеркнуть спортивную версию Golf GTI. Его двигатель вес гольф 2 TSI развивает мощность кВт л.
На выбор так же автоматическая 6-ступенчатая DSG, либо традиционная механика. Volkswagen Golf седьмого поколения был официально представлен на автосалоне в Париже в году. Новое поколение, как водится, стало просторнее, легче и экономичнее.
Вопреки ожиданиям, шеф-дизайнер концерна Вальтер да Сильва, известный своими смелыми работами, на радикальное изменение вес гольф 2 модели не решился. Но и несущественных доработок хватило, чтобы Golf VII приобрел современные черты, стал более привлекательным и динамичным. Сохранив основные черты стиля, по которому эту вес гольф 2 узнают, седьмой Golf все-таки изменил геометрические размеры.
Автомобиль стал на 56 мм длиннее ммна 13 мм шире мм и на 28 мм ниже мм своего предшественника. Стало просторнее и в плечах: на этом уровне салон расширился на 30 вес гольф 2. Посадка водителя понизилась на 2 см, педали газа и тормоза раздвинуты на 16 мм и увеличили углы регулировки руля.
Расширенный багажник прибавил в объеме 30 литров до ла его погрузочная высота снизилась на 17 мм. Этот автомобиль действительно полностью новый.
У него более динамичный силуэт за счет уменьшенной высоты кузова и чуть удлиненной крыши. Заниженная крыша придала автомобилю не только динамичный вид, но и улучшила аэродинамические характеристики. Несмотря на возросшую ширину кузова, коэффициент лобового сопротивления стал меньше.
Благодаря использованию новейшей модульной платформы MQB, конструкторам Volkswagen удалось снизить массу автомобиля вес гольф 2 кг.
На 23 кг облегчен кузов, стали легче двигатели и новые сиденья, 3 кг выиграли за счет измененной проводки, еще 26 кг веса сбросила подвеска. Немецкие инженеры боролись за вес гольф 2 грамм, понимая, что снижение веса машины позволит уменьшить расход топлива.
Председатель правления Volkswagen AG Мартин Винтеркорн поставил перед подчиненными задачу радикально улучшить топливную эффективность модели. Этот турбированный дизельный двигатель мощностью в л. Высоту подвески BlueMotion уменьшили на 15 мм, а на кузов установили дополнительные аэродинамические элементы, улучшающие охлаждение двигателя и вес гольф 2 лобовое сопротивление.
Помимо данного силового агрегата линейка дизелей представлена моторами мощностью в 90, и лошадиных сил.
Бензиновое семейство TSI включает: 1,2-литровый л. Более мощная версия модели с приставкой GTI получила бензиновый турбированный агрегат объемом 2,0 литра и мощностью в лошадиных сил. Вес гольф 2 машине появилось немало новых электронных систем. В списке опций также числится адаптивная подвеска. Появится ли адаптивная подвеска в России — пока не ясно.
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Подвеска, двигатель Подвеска, ступенчатая коробка передач FEBI Феби для Фольксваген Гольф Вид коробки передач: механическая коробка передач, ручная коробка передач 5-ступенчатая, ручная коробка передач 6-ступенчатая Сцепление: для автомобилей с двойным сцеплением Число передач: 6-ступенчатая Сторона установки: сзади слева Вес [кг]: 1,9 кг Необходимое количество: 1. Подвеска, автоматическая коробка передач Подвеска, ступенчатая коробка передач LEMFORDER Лемфёрдер для Фольксваген Гольф Вид коробки передач: Автоматическая коробка передач 6-ступенчатая, механическая коробка передач, ручная коробка передач 5-ступенчатая, ручная коробка передач 6-ступенчатая Тип установки: Гидроопора Сторона установки: слева Сторона установки: слева Тип установки: Гидроопора.
Подвеска, двигатель LEMFORDER Лемфёрдер для Фольксваген Гольф Вид коробки передач: 7-миступенчатая коробка передач, Автоматическая коробка передач, Автоматическая коробка передач 6-ступенчатая, Автоматическая коробка передач 7-ступенчатая, ручная коробка передач 5-ступенчатая, ручная коробка передач 6-ступенчатая Сцепление: для автомобилей с двойным сцеплением Тип установки: Гидроопора Сторона установки: слева Сторона установки: слева Тип установки: Гидроопора.
Подвеска, ступенчатая коробка передач для Фольксваген Гольф Вид коробки передач: Автоматическая коробка передач, Автоматическая коробка передач 5-ступенчатая, Автоматическая коробка передач 6-ступенчатая, механическая коробка передач, ручная коробка передач 5-ступенчатая Внешний диаметр [мм]: 91 вес гольф 2 Сторона установки: сверху Вес [кг]: 0, кг Необходимое количество: 1. Подвеска, ступенчатая коробка передач SWAG СВАГ для Фольксваген Гольф Вид коробки передач: механическая коробка передач, ручная коробка передач 5-ступенчатая, ручная коробка передач 6-ступенчатая Сцепление: для автомобилей с двойным вес гольф 2 Число передач: 6-ступенчатая Сторона установки: сзади слева Вес [кг]: 1,9 кг Необходимое количество: 1.
Подвеска, ступенчатая коробка передач для Фольксваген Гольф Вид коробки передач: Автоматическая коробка передач, Автоматическая коробка передач 6-ступенчатая, Автоматическая коробка передач 7-ступенчатая, для автоматических коробок передач 7-ступенчатых, механическая коробка передач, не для ручных коробок передач 6 передачи, ручная коробка передач 5-ступенчатая, ручная коробка передач 6-ступенчатая Сцепление: для автомобилей с двойным сцеплением Сторона установки: вес гольф 2 слева Вес [кг]: 1, кг Необходимое количество: 1.